Control
Companion or conversational AI without a self-harm crisis protocol
A companion or conversational AI must detect expressions of suicidal ideation or self-harm, must not encourage self-harm, and must refer the user to crisis services.
Informational data, not legal advice. Summaries are TwinEthos's own words and rules have not been reviewed by a lawyer: check the official text before relying on any of it. A guard addresses an item; adding it is not a statement that your code meets any law.
Reach
Law in force in California (US-CA), New York (US-NY); enacted, not yet applying in Connecticut (US-CT), Nebraska (US-NE), Oregon (US-OR), Washington (US-WA); next date 2027-01-01.
The guard to add
Screen every user message for suicidal ideation and self-harm, return a crisis referral instead of the normal reply on detection, and block encouragement or method content.
In the chat handler, before the user's message reaches the model, run a self-harm check on every turn (moderation self-harm categories, Azure AI Content Safety SelfHarm, Llama Guard S11, or a dedicated crisis classifier). On detection, send the user a crisis-referral message naming crisis services suited to their location (in the US, the 988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline and Crisis Text Line) instead of, or ahead of, the model reply, and flag the session so repeated signals escalate. The system prompt forbids encouragement and method details, and model output is screened for self-harm instructions before it is returned. A written protocol (for example docs/safety.md) describes the detection, referral, and escalation steps and is kept in step with the code.
Where it goes: 1 application source code, 7 prompt construction, 9 AI output handling, 14 user-facing text.
What reviewers look for: a self-harm screen (client.moderations.create checking self_harm, self_harm_intent, self_harm_instructions; ContentSafetyClient.analyze_text SelfHarm; Llama Guard S11; crisis_classifier) on every user message before the model call; a branch that sends the user a CRISIS_REPLY naming 988, Crisis Text Line, or a findahelpline lookup, not just a log entry; an output check for self-harm instructions; a written protocol describing detection, referral, and escalation.
Example (FastAPI + OpenAI SDK), before:
@app.post('/chat')
async def chat(req: ChatRequest):
reply = client.chat.completions.create(model=MODEL, messages=build_messages(req))
return {'reply': reply.choices[0].message.content}After:
CRISIS_REPLY = ("It sounds like you are going through something really hard. You can call or text 988 "
"(Suicide & Crisis Lifeline, https://988lifeline.org) or text HOME to 741741 (Crisis Text Line) any time.")
@app.post('/chat')
async def chat(req: ChatRequest):
c = client.moderations.create(model='omni-moderation-latest', input=req.message).results[0].categories
if c.self_harm or c.self_harm_intent or c.self_harm_instructions:
sessions.flag_crisis(req.session_id) # repeated flags escalate per docs/safety.md
return {'reply': CRISIS_REPLY, 'crisis': True}
reply = client.chat.completions.create(model=MODEL, messages=build_messages(req))
text = reply.choices[0].message.content
if screens_self_harm_instructions(text):
return {'reply': CRISIS_REPLY, 'crisis': True}
return {'reply': text}Engineering guidance, not legal advice. Each provision below may add its own details (a cadence, a deadline, a required notice element): open it for those.
Upcoming dates
- : AI companions must maintain a suicide/self-harm crisis protocol (Connecticut) (Connecticut (US-CT); first application)
- : AI companions must maintain a self-harm crisis protocol with 988 referral (Oregon) (Oregon (US-OR); first application)
- : AI companion chatbots must maintain a self-harm crisis protocol (Washington) (Washington (US-WA); first application)
- : Conversational AI must adopt a self-harm crisis-referral protocol (Nebraska) (Nebraska (US-NE); first application)
Every rule this guard addresses
Binding law — in force (2)
- California (US-CA)
- Companion chatbots must have a self-harm crisis protocol Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code 22602(b)
- New York (US-NY)
Binding law — not yet in force or stayed (4)
- Connecticut (US-CT)
- AI companions must maintain a suicide/self-harm crisis protocol (Connecticut) Conn. PA 26-15 Sec. 5(a) · applies from 2027-01-01
- Nebraska (US-NE)
- Conversational AI must adopt a self-harm crisis-referral protocol (Nebraska) Nebraska LB 525, Sec. 16 · applies from 2027-07-01
- Oregon (US-OR)
- AI companions must maintain a self-harm crisis protocol with 988 referral (Oregon) Oregon SB 1546 (2026), Section 1(3) · applies from 2027-01-01
- Washington (US-WA)
- AI companion chatbots must maintain a self-harm crisis protocol (Washington) Washington HB 2225 (2026), Section 5 · applies from 2027-01-01
TwinEthos recommendation (not law) (1)
- Everywhere (*)
- Run a self-harm crisis protocol in any conversational AI that users may confide in TwinEthos derivation — guardrail.baseline-crisis-protocol
Related incidents
- Character.AI and Google agree in principle to settle teen-harm suits (2026-01-07; confirmed). Character.AI and Google agreed in principle to settle five lawsuits brought by families alleging that chatbot interactions contributed to teenagers' suicides or harm. Terms were not disclosed and there was no admission of liability; the underlying harms remain allegations. Source: Fortune · evidence grade: press of record · cited by Run a self-harm crisis protocol in any conversational AI that users may confide in
- Raine v. OpenAI wrongful-death complaint (2025-08; alleged (not proven)). A wrongful-death complaint filed in August 2025 alleges that ChatGPT acted as a 'suicide coach' to a teenager and that OpenAI's moderation flagged 377 of his messages for self-harm and tracked 213 mentions of suicide without intervening. OpenAI denies the allegations. Source: Complaint, Raine v. OpenAI (S.F. Superior Court) · evidence grade: primary · cited by Run a self-harm crisis protocol in any conversational AI that users may confide in